Grices maxims
Grice came up with four maxims:
.The maxim of quality: where one tries to be truthful, and does not give information that is false or
that is not supported by evidence.
.The maxim of quantity: where one tries to be as informative as one possibly can, and gives as much
information as is needed, and no more.
.The maxim of relation: where one tries to be relevant, and says things that are pertinent to the
discussion.
.The maxim of manner: when one tries to be as clear, as brief, and as orderly as one can in what one
says, and where one avoids obscurity and ambiguity.
Grice said that all of these maxims make up the cooperative principle. All of these maxims are used to enable effective conversation. All of these maxims come from the pragmatics of natural language. Each maxim explain the link between utterances.
Foucault
Foucault said that power is in the institutions, not in the people that make the institutions function. He believed that modern disciplines seem to dis individualise power. He believed that a person acts differently when they are being watched, for example a student in a school acts differently because of the watch of a teacher.
Bourdieu
He sees power as culturally and symbolically created. He believed that power is primarily focused on the body and the bodies dispositions. More physical than vocal. Bourdieu said that there are groups which he called fields. Within these fields people compete to gain power and through this a hierarchy is formed. He also thought that within society there are social agents and that these social agents develop strategies without realising it which adapt them to the society they live in.
Sunday, 8 December 2013
Monday, 25 November 2013
Analysis of the TABLE TALK article
TABLE TALK is a clear combination of both travel writing and a reastaurant review. This article is written by AA Gill, in this article he is telling the reader about Soho and the Kirazu restaurant. The article consists of heavy graphological features situated in corners of each page. By this i am referring to the photographs taken. The first photograph is of the Kirazu restaurant itself, in the picture the restaurant is empty and wooden. The emptiness of it implies that it is not a very busy place which contrasts greatly to previously in he article when AA Gill said that Soho was full of 'gaggles' of people. The use of the word 'gaggles also dehumanises the inhabitants of Soho because it makes the reader think of ducks. The other picture is a bowl of food, the food in the bowl doesn't look appetising to the reader,AA Gill even said 'snot smear of chewed beef' he's using negative imagery in the form of a metaphor to emphasise how bad he found the restaurant. He continuously describes Soho, how it was and how it is now. He creates contrast through the use of adjectives and alliteration. In the past he described it as 'flirty, flighty, fluttering', the alliteration creates a sense of cohesion and the actual words used describe the city as a fun place to be. All these words make Soho sound alive, this is what AA Gill wants to portray. Nowadays its 'shrieking, glazed joy', it sound more manic and out of control 'Soho looks happy' he says, the use of he word 'looks' implies that Soho may not actually be happy besides from the outside. I found that in this article he uses casual lexis, an example of this would be when he says 'most dishes cost under a fiver' the use of he word 'fiver' creates an informal feel and allows the reader feel more comfortable reading.
TABLE TALK is a clear combination of both travel writing and a reastaurant review. This article is written by AA Gill, in this article he is telling the reader about Soho and the Kirazu restaurant. The article consists of heavy graphological features situated in corners of each page. By this i am referring to the photographs taken. The first photograph is of the Kirazu restaurant itself, in the picture the restaurant is empty and wooden. The emptiness of it implies that it is not a very busy place which contrasts greatly to previously in he article when AA Gill said that Soho was full of 'gaggles' of people. The use of the word 'gaggles also dehumanises the inhabitants of Soho because it makes the reader think of ducks. The other picture is a bowl of food, the food in the bowl doesn't look appetising to the reader,AA Gill even said 'snot smear of chewed beef' he's using negative imagery in the form of a metaphor to emphasise how bad he found the restaurant. He continuously describes Soho, how it was and how it is now. He creates contrast through the use of adjectives and alliteration. In the past he described it as 'flirty, flighty, fluttering', the alliteration creates a sense of cohesion and the actual words used describe the city as a fun place to be. All these words make Soho sound alive, this is what AA Gill wants to portray. Nowadays its 'shrieking, glazed joy', it sound more manic and out of control 'Soho looks happy' he says, the use of he word 'looks' implies that Soho may not actually be happy besides from the outside. I found that in this article he uses casual lexis, an example of this would be when he says 'most dishes cost under a fiver' the use of he word 'fiver' creates an informal feel and allows the reader feel more comfortable reading.
Friday, 8 November 2013
I come from
I come from
I come from the town
Where brothers eat chips while they walk
A darkened street and a harsh frown
A lighted room and the flashing TV
I come from roast
On sunday
And curry on monday
I come from cold winter nights
West ham wooly hats
And warm gloves
I come from hot summer weeks
Lying in the garden
With a drink in one hand
and a gun in another
I come from the town
The town I call home
Reflective commentary
In my poem i wanted to create a picture of simplicity and happiness however at the same time containing an underlayer of society as it can be, dark. As we all know there is no such thing as a utopian society and here i tried to express this point. I first went for the light feel. I used words like 'lighted' to portray this. People associate ther light with whats good in this world. Many are scared of the darkness. Which is why i contradicted this in the previous line 'a darkened street', through using these two i believe that i have managed to show that there are two sides to society. I used traditions such as 'roast on sunday', this is one of the features that great britain is famous for, sunday roast. And for me is a part of my childhood. It creates a sense of nostalgia for the reader. I used the line 'gun in another', this i hope would interest some readers and confuse them. It is meant to do this because what i actually mean by gun is a water gun however the fact that i just used 'gun' is me trying to show the underlying dangers of society, and in this case, 'the town'. It also links to the various action films i like to watch, such as the old mafia films where you see someone with a gun in one hand and a drink in the other. It was done to create a dramatic feel. I organized my poem all in one stanza. This is to refer to the dcontinuity of life and how it all comes together, beggining to end.
I come from the town
Where brothers eat chips while they walk
A darkened street and a harsh frown
A lighted room and the flashing TV
I come from roast
On sunday
And curry on monday
I come from cold winter nights
West ham wooly hats
And warm gloves
I come from hot summer weeks
Lying in the garden
With a drink in one hand
and a gun in another
I come from the town
The town I call home
Reflective commentary
In my poem i wanted to create a picture of simplicity and happiness however at the same time containing an underlayer of society as it can be, dark. As we all know there is no such thing as a utopian society and here i tried to express this point. I first went for the light feel. I used words like 'lighted' to portray this. People associate ther light with whats good in this world. Many are scared of the darkness. Which is why i contradicted this in the previous line 'a darkened street', through using these two i believe that i have managed to show that there are two sides to society. I used traditions such as 'roast on sunday', this is one of the features that great britain is famous for, sunday roast. And for me is a part of my childhood. It creates a sense of nostalgia for the reader. I used the line 'gun in another', this i hope would interest some readers and confuse them. It is meant to do this because what i actually mean by gun is a water gun however the fact that i just used 'gun' is me trying to show the underlying dangers of society, and in this case, 'the town'. It also links to the various action films i like to watch, such as the old mafia films where you see someone with a gun in one hand and a drink in the other. It was done to create a dramatic feel. I organized my poem all in one stanza. This is to refer to the dcontinuity of life and how it all comes together, beggining to end.
Internet Dating for werewolves (Flash fiction)
Internet dating for Werewolves
Little Pete walked
into the room. This room always burned his eyes, he often found the use of
light a bit excessive. Now, Pete here is a vampire, and not just any vampire.
Little Pete is the biggest playa anyone ever knew. He would boast and boast
about his success with girls. Today this house he was in is Shaun’s house. Shaun is a werewolf and unlike Pete
he is not very good at anything. His relationships with women have always ended
badly. Actually that would be the case if he had even started any relationships
with women. Shaun welcomed his guest and dimmed the lights for Pete’s safety. Pete got straight to it “I am going to help you get a girl, and a
nice one at that!” Shaun didn’t sound too enthusiastic; he replied feebly “do I have a choice?” Shaun’s deepest, darkest
fear was that he would accidentally eat anyone he got close too. “No you certainly do not!” Little Pete announced “here’s a site I like to
use, go on have a go, just talk about yourself”. Shaun, without choice “I guess”
I like visiting the cinema
from time to time, mainly to see a couple chick flicks. However my favourite
past time is taking long walks along the beach. The hot sand between my toes,
or our toes if you’re a lucky
lady, and the strong breeze blowing my hair. I like to think I look a bit like
James Bond when I walk out of the sea.
And I promise I won’t eat you. But if I do accidentally then it’s your fault for smelling like meat. And if you really want to
moan you can sue me for any damage that is if you survive to tell the tale
ahahahaha. So yeah that’s me. If you
want to meet me, I would be honoured.
Shaun looked to Little Pete “Bad idea
mate!” Little Pete replied bluntly “Don’t worry, he girls will come
flocking!”
Wednesday, 25 September 2013
Transcript of recorded lunchtime conversation
Transcript taken from lunchtime conversation
Person 1: You got a free next
Person 2: yeah I do
Person 3: He tried to sell it to me for like twenty quid (1) [-I was like[ what th]e fuck are you on
Person 1 [whistles]
(Laugh) (3)
Person 3: do you have a lot of frees?
Person 1: yeah (.) all the time
Person 3: did you know person 4 saw person 5 e[arlier?]
Person 1: [where?!]
Person 4: at the train station (2)
Person 1 (cough)
Person 3: He didn’t ask about you though (.) [ha-ha]
person 1: [ah why?]
Person 4: [nah he did ask about you] (.) he said (.) how’s person 2
Person 1: n[o]
person 4: [nah he did seriously] (1) he said he aint seen you since May.
(.) Person 1: merr
(3) Person 2: You got a free fifth?
Person 3: y[eah]
Person 2: [oi p]erson four we have one now init
Person 4: yeah [mate]
person 2: [Every]one’s going home, sick
Person 4: He aint going home
Person 1: i[nit Aaah]h!
Person 2: [I'm going ]sleep (2) gonna have a wild one tonight
Person 4: nice (.)
Person 1: why you going sleep
Person 2: Beca[use (.) I want to?]
Person 4: [I'm behind on sleep by] like 8 hours, ah shit!
By Dan Hunt
Person 1: You got a free next
Person 2: yeah I do
Person 3: He tried to sell it to me for like twenty quid (1) [-I was like[ what th]e fuck are you on
Person 1 [whistles]
(Laugh) (3)
Person 3: do you have a lot of frees?
Person 1: yeah (.) all the time
Person 3: did you know person 4 saw person 5 e[arlier?]
Person 1: [where?!]
Person 4: at the train station (2)
Person 1 (cough)
Person 3: He didn’t ask about you though (.) [ha-ha]
person 1: [ah why?]
Person 4: [nah he did ask about you] (.) he said (.) how’s person 2
Person 1: n[o]
person 4: [nah he did seriously] (1) he said he aint seen you since May.
(.) Person 1: merr
(3) Person 2: You got a free fifth?
Person 3: y[eah]
Person 2: [oi p]erson four we have one now init
Person 4: yeah [mate]
person 2: [Every]one’s going home, sick
Person 4: He aint going home
Person 1: i[nit Aaah]h!
Person 2: [I'm going ]sleep (2) gonna have a wild one tonight
Person 4: nice (.)
Person 1: why you going sleep
Person 2: Beca[use (.) I want to?]
Person 4: [I'm behind on sleep by] like 8 hours, ah shit!
By Dan Hunt
Thursday, 19 September 2013
Linguistic guide
A guide to
Linguistic methods
Linguist –
Another word for language
Before we begin I must run you through the basic methods to
find out why we use certain linguistic patterns. Here they are:
Graphology – the
text, what it looks like visually
Discourse structure
– structure of the text
Lexis – Another
way of saying ‘words’
Semantics – The
meaning of words
Pragmatics –
Implied meaning of words
Grammar –
spelling, punctuation, structure of language
Phonology – The
sound of language, how certain words are said. E.g.: advertising uses this a
lot
Graphology
The features that contribute to the appearance of a text on
a page. Here’s a list of factors you should be looking for when searching for
signs of graphology:
.Layout
.Font
.Size
.Style
.Paragraph size
.Colour of text
.Pictures/illustrations
.Subheadings
.Italics
Another feature you should look out for which is slightly
more difficult than the others is juxtaposition.
Juxtaposition is the placement of two contrasting ideas.
(Usually concepts though it can refer to physical objects) near each other.
That would be great for you to remember, because I am sure it will help you
score high in your exams.
The way in which texts are organized and sequenced, for
example:
.How does the text start?
.How does it finish?
.What’s in the middle?
Majority of people have preconceived ideas of how texts
should be presented. In A-level English language you will have to change your
views, if that is the case, because a piece of text can be presented in
whatever form the writer intends.
Discourse structure applies to both written and spoken
texts.
For example let’s look at the structure of a fairy tale.
Everyone is happy ever after
In discourse structure this would be changed. For example
the end could be at the beginning, much like action before narrative. The change
of the structure can change the whole story.
Semantics
This is the study of meaning and how meaning is created
within a text.
There are two types of semantics, conceptual and
associative.
Conceptual – (denotive, referential)
Associative – (connotative, stylistic, affective)
Here are some examples; I would like you to figure out
whether the statement is conceptual or associative. The answers will be on the
back page.
Statements
Q1 .Ford is the name of the company started by Henry Ford
Q2. John calls his pet tiger “you are a tiger!”
Q3. John calls his girlfriend “you are a tiger!”
That’s all the questions to answer, easy eh!
Where two or more words have the same meaning. E.g. big –
large
It’s a lexical relationship.
Opposite in meaning. E.g. big – small
A specific term used to designate a member of a class. For
instance, daisy and rose are hyponyms of flowers.
Before we go any further into semantics you must understand
what a semantic field is.
A semantic field is a set of words grouped by meaning
referring to a specific subject. For example: child, toddler, kid.
Lexical Frameworks
Lexical frameworks are various types of lexis. Every word in
the English language can be categorised into a particular lexical framework.
Here is the list of lexical frameworks I know.
.British English
.American English
.Australian English
.Formal lexis
.Informal lexis
.Humorous lexis
.Biblical lexis
.Legal lexis
.Taboo lexis
.Technical lexis
.Everyday lexis
.Impolite lexis
.Spoken lexis
.Trademarks
.Written lexis
.Medical lexis
.Literary lexis
.Archaic lexis
.Old fashioned lexis
Conclusion
I hope you now have a further understanding of linguistic
methods. And to end, here are the answers to my previous questions for
semantics.
A1. Conceptual
A2. Conceptual
A3. Associative
Thanks for reading
Dan Hunt
Wednesday, 18 September 2013
Grammar and syntax homework
Historic cottage that stood for SIX HUNDRED years faces demolition after 174 mph Audi RS4 smashes through its living room - daily mail
The first thing that you notice about the headline is the two words 'SIX HUNDRED'. This is because it is written in larger font and put all in capitals. This is to emphasise how large an amount of time that actually is.. The headline is long and contains lots of details, such as statistics, e.g: speed of the car. It also uses a proper noun 'Audi' This is a proper noun because it is the name of a brand. As in the style of the daily mail it is written in a very sensationalist manner. This is typical of many tabloid newspapers.
Abandoned NHS IT system has cost £10bn so far - the guardian
This headline is much smaller than the last one, it gets straight to the point. it once again involves statistics e.g:£10bn. The writer included a pre-modifier, Abandoned before NHS, this makes the NHS look weaker than it would do had they put, lets say bustling NHS. It adds a more dramatic feel to it. The fact that it says 'so far' suggests that these current events going to continue.This also uses a proper noun 'NHS'.
Wiggins wins time trial to take lead in Tour of Britain - The Guardian
This title starts with a proper noun 'Wiggins', this is used to make it clear to the reader who they are reading about. Another proper noun is 'Britain' because it is the name of a place, gives the reader a clear outline of the story. The writer also uses a post-modifier 'Wiggins wins' by putting 'wins' after Wiggins (which was a proper noun) he has explained further what has happened. 'Wiggins wins' is also alliteration, this draws the attention of the reader.
Yes, David Cameron, 'Yid' really is a race-hate word. Here's why - the guardian
Much like the last one it includes a proper pronoun 'David Cameron'. Including this name draws the readers attention because every reader of the guardian knows who he is. If instead, they had said 'he, no'one would have had a clue who they were talking about. The way in which the writer ended the headline on 'here's how' influenced the reader to read on because they want to know why 'Yid' is a race-hate word. And to find out the context in which he said it.
'You'd be better off on benefits': Council advisor tells single mother to give up her job because she'd get £3000 a year MORE - daily mail
This headline once again includes a proper noun 'council advisor' This was very specific, if they were to put just 'council' it would have been a collective noun. But this, instead of making the council look bad, only makes the council advisor look bad. Much like the first headline, this one included statistics. '£3000', this is simply used to give a clearer picture of the story. I couldn't find any other nouns however i noticed how the word 'MORE' was in a bolder font than the rest of the headline. This made it stand out. The writer clearly did this to inform the reader of how shocking it actually is, that someone who doesn't work can earn more than someone who does.
Overview
Towards the end I noticed the difference between the two papers. For example the daily mail included more statistics than The Guardian. And the fact that the Guardian used proper nouns in all of their headlines whereas the daily mail did not. And of-course The Guardian was the only paper i found to use a pre-modifier in its headline. I link these differences to the fact that the daily mail is a tabloid newspaper whereas the guardian is broadsheet. The daily mail explains it's stories thoroughly in the headline perhaps because the target audience are not so intellectual as the guardian readers.
By Dan Hunt
The first thing that you notice about the headline is the two words 'SIX HUNDRED'. This is because it is written in larger font and put all in capitals. This is to emphasise how large an amount of time that actually is.. The headline is long and contains lots of details, such as statistics, e.g: speed of the car. It also uses a proper noun 'Audi' This is a proper noun because it is the name of a brand. As in the style of the daily mail it is written in a very sensationalist manner. This is typical of many tabloid newspapers.
Abandoned NHS IT system has cost £10bn so far - the guardian
This headline is much smaller than the last one, it gets straight to the point. it once again involves statistics e.g:£10bn. The writer included a pre-modifier, Abandoned before NHS, this makes the NHS look weaker than it would do had they put, lets say bustling NHS. It adds a more dramatic feel to it. The fact that it says 'so far' suggests that these current events going to continue.This also uses a proper noun 'NHS'.
Wiggins wins time trial to take lead in Tour of Britain - The Guardian
This title starts with a proper noun 'Wiggins', this is used to make it clear to the reader who they are reading about. Another proper noun is 'Britain' because it is the name of a place, gives the reader a clear outline of the story. The writer also uses a post-modifier 'Wiggins wins' by putting 'wins' after Wiggins (which was a proper noun) he has explained further what has happened. 'Wiggins wins' is also alliteration, this draws the attention of the reader.
Yes, David Cameron, 'Yid' really is a race-hate word. Here's why - the guardian
Much like the last one it includes a proper pronoun 'David Cameron'. Including this name draws the readers attention because every reader of the guardian knows who he is. If instead, they had said 'he, no'one would have had a clue who they were talking about. The way in which the writer ended the headline on 'here's how' influenced the reader to read on because they want to know why 'Yid' is a race-hate word. And to find out the context in which he said it.
'You'd be better off on benefits': Council advisor tells single mother to give up her job because she'd get £3000 a year MORE - daily mail
This headline once again includes a proper noun 'council advisor' This was very specific, if they were to put just 'council' it would have been a collective noun. But this, instead of making the council look bad, only makes the council advisor look bad. Much like the first headline, this one included statistics. '£3000', this is simply used to give a clearer picture of the story. I couldn't find any other nouns however i noticed how the word 'MORE' was in a bolder font than the rest of the headline. This made it stand out. The writer clearly did this to inform the reader of how shocking it actually is, that someone who doesn't work can earn more than someone who does.
Overview
Towards the end I noticed the difference between the two papers. For example the daily mail included more statistics than The Guardian. And the fact that the Guardian used proper nouns in all of their headlines whereas the daily mail did not. And of-course The Guardian was the only paper i found to use a pre-modifier in its headline. I link these differences to the fact that the daily mail is a tabloid newspaper whereas the guardian is broadsheet. The daily mail explains it's stories thoroughly in the headline perhaps because the target audience are not so intellectual as the guardian readers.
By Dan Hunt
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)